Impact Of Advent On The Christian Church - 1715 Words

Advent is a season observed in many Western Christian churches as a time of expectant waiting and preparation for the celebration of the Nativity of Jesus at Christmas. The term is a version of the Latin word meaning coming. Latin adventus is the translation of the Greek word parousia, commonly used to refer to the Second Coming of Christ. For Christians, the season of Advent anticipates the coming of Christ from three different perspectives. Since the time of Bernard of Clairvaux(d.1153) Christians have spoken of the three comings of Christ: in the flesh in Bethlehem, in our hearts daily, and in glory at the end of time.[1] The season offers the opportunity to share in the ancient longing for the coming of the Messiah, and to be alert†¦show more content†¦The first clear references to the Western Church to Advent occur in the Gelasian Sacramentary, which provides Advent Collects, Epistles, and Gospels for the five Sundays preceding Christmas and for the corresponding Wednesdays and Fridays.[14] While the Sunday readings relate to the first coming of Jesus Christ as savior as well as to his second coming as judge, traditions vary in the relative importance of penitence and expectation during the weeks in Advent. Liturgical colors[edit] Censing during solemn Advent vespers. See also: Liturgical colors The usual liturgical color in Western Christianity for Advent is either violet (or purple) or blue.[15] The violet or purple color is often used for hangings around the church, the vestments of the clergy, and often also the tabernacle. In some Christian denominations, blue, a color representing hope, is an alternative liturgical color for Advent, a custom traced to the usage ofShow MoreRelatedReligious Education Sba1510 Words   |  7 PagesSt. James Cathedral church 2. the significance and meaning of the festivals to the members of the church 3. the benefits the members get from celebrating the festivals. Information Collection How | When | where | Instrument | Interview | 21.11.1022.11.10 | Churchhome | Pen and paperComputer | Library Literate | 22.11.1024.11.10 | School library | | | 3.12.10 | Home: 62 old harbour road, Spanish town. | | Summary of Findings The St. James Anglican Church (Cathedral) celebratesRead MoreThe Development of Christianity in America1595 Words   |  7 Pagesmore evident than in Roman Britain and the era of Anglo-Saxon migrations. In five centuries, English religious culture transformed from one of pagan worship to that of leadership in the Christian world. Controversies included more than merely pagan-Christian dynamics; the Christians were greatly divided, and Christian efforts went through many ebbs before becoming firmly established. One must evaluate the development of both Rome and England to gain an adequate understanding of early English ChristianityRead MoreEssay about Martin Luthers Impact on the Catholic Church938 Words   |  4 Pageshis promise, he dropped out of university and entered the monastery. Religious issues the person responded to. Martin Luther responded to the exploitation delivered by the Roman Catholic Church. Upon travelling to Rome in 1517, Luther was appalled by the conduct of most of the members of the church and its hierarchy, especially the sale of indulgences. Indulgences were a remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, a form of buying yourself out of sin so that the parishioner could proceedRead MoreChristian Religious Education : A Book Based Out1593 Words   |  7 PagesThrough reading Christian Religious Education I discovered many things, some of them are simple easy things while others have a bigger impact. First of all, I recommend not trying to read this book all in one sitting, it is too deep and intense to read that way. However, if you read the book based out, as recommended by Leslie Long then the book was fine. Yet, whichever way you read the book the same general message will get across. That message is one that education is important, in ChristianityRead MoreChristian Esch atology1714 Words   |  7 Pagespart of their religious life because they it determines the way in which they live their lives. These people live by a set of rules and ethics set by the Bible because they want to have the favorable experience after death that was outlined in the Christian Eschatology. In Christianity, death is thought to be the point at which the soul leaves its earthly body and the soul is at rest until judgment day. Death is God’s punishment imposed upon humans resulting from Adam eating the forbidden fruitRead MoreWho Is Man? : God s Word1574 Words   |  7 PagesWith God at the center of their hearts to give such instruction or rendering the Word to His people? Christians understand the truth sometimes as a single, consistent vision, expanding only as it gains increasingly precise insights, the result of the church being forced to counter deliberate perversions of that truth. Christians, however, understand the truth sometimes, as that which the church seeks to discover in the context of ever-changing circumstances and new challenges. Therefore, by proceedingRead MoreSimilarities Between The Middle Ages And The Dark Ages963 Words   |  4 Pagesenvilied as a strong religious movement that tried to untie the people of europe. It was a time of religious struggles. Christians and catholics had different opinions and this resulted in the catholic corruption. They hated the fact that the catholic were increasing in power. Christians tried to create the pure christianity were there wouldnt be any corrupted methods by the catholic church. During this time the catholics never referred to this time as â€Å"dark†. They considered this time peaceful and productiveRead More Essay on Religion in the Works of William Shakespeare1720 Words   |  7 Pagesnature of William Shakespeares plays. This essay covers three topics surrounding Shakespeares work: the religious climate of 16th Century England, Shakespeares upbringing (school, parents, Stratford itself), and a brief introduction into the impact his society and up bringing had upon his work.    I. THE RELIGIOUS CLIMATE OF 16TH CENTURY ENGLAND    In order to understand the religious content in Shakespeares work it is helpful to first understand what the religious environmentRead MoreVoices of Morebath Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious just to not be shunned and cast out from the community. After establishing the character of the parish and those within its borders, Duffy gets into the meat of the matter and begins to describe how the parish reacted and changed with the advent of the reformation. King Henry began rapidly shifting what was and what was not couth within the country of England and this frustrated many parishioners and left others simply confused. While they were often not fond of changing their deeply rootedRead MoreThe Middle Ages : A Holy War Or Crusade Against Muslim Turks1357 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieved in God and the church ruled,† doesn’t George Bernard Shaw make it seem like life would seem simple in the middle ages. Everyone believing in the same ideas and practices. Although, it might not be that simple, back in the middle ages everyone believed the Christianity. The church unified its people from a once corrupt world. The people would devote countless hours of their lives to give back to the church. Above all, the feudal system wa s controlled by the church, including the all mighty

Advertising Essay - 2261 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;School, family and church all have an effect on teenagers, but nothing will ever measure up to the effect that advertising has on our nation’s youth. The advertisements target our youth by way of radio, television and newspaper. Advertisers use special tactics to persuade youth to buy their products. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With the ever growing world of mass media becoming more accessible to children, we must realize the effect advertising has on the youth of today. Multiple television sets are commonplace in today’s homes. â€Å"Today, at least one television set is in 98.2% of American households.† (Television Bureau of Advertising, 2001) Television viewing is no longer a family activity. â€Å"Fifty-six†¦show more content†¦Many hip-hop and hits radio stations have a large group of youths listening everyday. So advertisers make ads to appeal to a certain age group or gender. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Print advertisements have many positive aspects as well as television and radio. Billboards are seen by many people on the roads everyday. Billboards are effective because they reach a lot of people with huge ads. Billboards also are designed to appeal to the eye with bright colors to attract the driver to read the product being advertised. Newspaper ads are also effective because they reach many people and they are the least expensive way of mass advertising. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Advertisers use certain techniques to lure the customer to either buy the product or read the rest of the advertisement. One way advertisers try to appeal to many people by making their ads appealing to an array of age groups. They do this by making an â€Å"adult† ad contain many subliminal messages to appeal to youth. Advertisers also try to narrow down their age group of consumers to save money and increase effectiveness. Advertisers use certain colors and pictures to help catch the eye of the consumer easily. For example restaurants will use many yellows in their ads because it sends a message of hunger to the consumer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gender advertising is very important in youth because they are veryShow MoreRelatedAdvertising : Advertising And Advertising1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Every Advertising campaign main focus is to be cost effective, reach the largest target audience and most importantly should attract new customers.(allbusiess.com) Advertising plays a crucial role for every company regarding the size of the company, it doesn’t matter if the company is big or small an effective and well planned ad campaign can do wonders for the company. â€Å"Effective advertising reaches potential customers and informs them of your products or services. Ideally, advertising shouldRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : Advertising And Advertising Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagespromote sales. Since that time advertising has come a long way, with the introduction of advertising slogans and jingles cleverly designed to play on human pyschology and thereby maximise product sales. Within the last 150 years, forms of media that have been recently invented have become the most popular ways of advertising - such as radio, television and newspapers/magazines/billboards. Th ese forms of media have been a gateway to allow subtle advanced advertising techniques to be used, althoughRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising939 Words   |  4 Pages Advertising Advertising has become an important thing in our everyday life. Almost all the companies make advertisements these days. Usually companies when launching a new product gives advertisement about their products may be in on television or newspaper. This kind of advertising attracts audiences who are likely to buy the product. For example, the advertisement of cola attracts a large part of audience and they are influenced by watching their favorite stars drinking a cola on television thatRead MoreAdvertising : The Goal Of Advertising969 Words   |  4 PagesThe goal of advertising is to convince the consumer will be better with the product. Their main concern is to sell the product. They care about the money more than they care about their product’s efficiency. Everything is being advertised today. You can watch a commercial and suddenly feel a need for the product. Advertisers will â€Å"make† you by the product by having a creative name of their product and a catchy slo gan. 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Julius Caesar Free Essays

Julius Caesar If Caesar had been more astute and willing to accept his own vulnerability, he might have recognized warnings around him which foreshadowed his assassination. One of the warnings, which was very important, was Artemidorus’ letter which contained names of all conspirators. This takes place in Act III scene i lines 5-10. We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Caesar ignored this warning by refusing to read Artemidorus’ letter, because he wanted to read it last, as he says â€Å"What touches us ourself shall be last serv’d. The second warning that he ignored was Calphurnia’s (his wife’s) dream about Caesar’s blood upon the Capitol (Act II scene ii). After he received this warning, at first he decided not to go, but then Decius came and changed his mind by interpreting the dream such a way that seems to be good. Decius said those bloods and all mean that great Rome regards you as its lifeblood. Therefore, Caesar changed his mind and decided to go to the Senate House. As you see the warnings were all around Caesar and he just had to listen to others. The last warning that I found in the play were fortune-tellers. Before Caesar goes to Senate House, he asked soothsayers and fortune-tellers about it, and they advised him not to go out on that day (Act II scene ii). This is what they said: â€Å"Opening up the innards of a sacrifice, they couldn’t find a heart inside the beast. † From these warnings, and assassination of Caesar, we conclude that Caesar was proud of himself, believing himself as eternal as the North Star. Through the play, we find out that he is unable to separate his public image from his private image, which lead to his death. Also, He ignores all warnings and threats against his life, because of his ambition and seduction by the people’s increasing idealization and idolization of his image. Brutus was one of the most complex characters in this story, and his strong idealism is both his greatest advantage and his most deadly disadvantage. While Brutus lives up to Antony’s description of him as â€Å"the noblest of Romans†, his narrow vision leads him to make certain mistakes: wanting to reduce violence, he ignores Cassius’s suggestion they should kill Antony as well as Caesar. In another moment of idealism, he again ignores Cassius’s advice and allows Antony to speak at Caesar’s funeral over Caesar’s body. As a result of this action, Antony incites people to riot against him and the other conspirators. Some other bad examples of his weakness in idealism can be seen when Brutus endangers his good relationship with Cassius. In all of these, Brutus acts out of a desire to limit the self-serving aspects of his actions. Although, when looking at it ironically, we see that in each incident, he kills the cause that he wants to promote and get to. In other parts of the play we that Brutus only agrees to kill Caesar after becoming convinced by his dear friend, Cassius, that it is necessary for the Roman Republic. This shows that Brutus is an idealist who upholds honor above everything else. As I said earlier, Brutus is a very complex character, because he is a powerful public figure, and at the same time, a husband, a good master to his servants, a dignified military leader, and a loving friend. For example, he respects his servants and therefore his servants are very good to him and respect him very much. Also, he loves his wife, Portia, very much, that in Act II scene i we find out they have a very close connection with each other. It is important to note that he is a stoic person, because he suffers pain from his wife’s death but doesn’t show it much throughout the play. Although, at the end of play, he doesn’t act much stoic, because he commits suicide once he believes defeat in the battle. This shows that he was not able to suffer to be taken to the city as a captive and slave, and someone who’s in chains. I believe that Brutus is this play’s tragic hero. He is a good and admirable character in the play, but because of his wrong decisions and mistakes, his actions go wrong and do not satisfy the cause; in other words, he does something almost opposite that bring about a downfall. In this play, Brutus overrules all the advices that Cassius, the great thinker of conspirators, makes, and it results tragic for conspirators. First, Cassius’ advice to kill Mark Antony as well as Caesar is ignored leading to Mark Antony becoming their greatest enemy. Later at Caesar’s funeral, Cassius’ advice that Mark Antony should not speak is also ignored leading to Antony turning people against them (conspirators). Finally, in Act V, Brutus ignores Cassius’ advice to stay on high ground, leading to a battle in the plains of Philippi. Therefore, because of mistakes that Brutus makes, and his faults, he is considered to be the tragic hero of the play. As we find out through the play, superstition is an important part of it and a significant factor in Roman life. Characters in play all believe in omens and portents, and how your fate is de ermined by certain stars. Although there are few characters who don’t believe in soothsayers and what they say and predict. For example, Cassius says, â€Å"the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars. But in ourselves, that we are underlings. † This shows that he doesn’t agree with the belief that some people have that says the star or planet under which you were born determines your characteristics and fate. In other cases, we have Caesar telling Antony to touch Calphurnia when running, and asking Calphurnia to stand in Antony’s way, so that through his touch she may shake off her â€Å"sterile curse†. It was a superstition that young men ran almost naked in the streets carrying light leather thongs with which they’d touch women who present themselves along the street; and because of that touch, these women ensured their fertility and an easy labor and delivery. Another superstitious event that occurred in the play was the interruption caused by soothsayer who wanted to tell Caesar â€Å"Beware the Ides of March. † Generally â€Å"Ideas† means middle; therefore, Ides of March is 15th of March. Caesar heard him but he asked him to repeat himself. After soothsayer repeated himself, Caesar decided that he is a dreamer, and disregarded him. This shows that even Caesar didn’t agree with beliefs that people of Rome had at that time. As it can be seen, superstition plays a role in the basic daily life of most Roman citizens; and many of them told fortune as their job. Overall, Shakespeare gives us the idea that many people try to find out about future and what it holds, such as unfortunate things, by being superstitious. For instance, Shakespeare starts Act I with a setting based upon superstition, and what goes on between soothsayers. The element Irony is defined as the strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect. Therefore, we see that there are many cases in which irony has been used and extent into the characterization of different characters in the play. Brutus’ irony was irony of situation; he was the person in charge of the assassination of Caesar. Although there were all the conspirators, Brutus was the one who did most of the job. Not to forget Cassius, he was the thinker of conspirators; therefore, he was the main head of group. Although Cassius’ advices would have lead to good endings, but every time Brutus changed them and overruled them; therefore, as an irony, we didn’t thought things would go differently, the way they did. Ironically, though, we can say that Brutus assassinated his friend, Caesar, to prevent one man ruling the Roman Empire. Although, this went wrong, and Octavius, one of the Triumvirs who defeated Brutus and Cassius, was later to become a Roman Emperor ruling the entire Rome alone after his victory over Mark Antony. We also find that out because he (Octavius) is the last person who finished the play (Act V). Overall, we can conclude that irony was extent into Brutus’ character very much. In Cassius’ case, his character didn’t include much irony extent into it. He was a good thinker, and he had wise advices which were not followed correctly all the time. Therefore, things that happened after his advice was overruled are not considered to be his irony. In Julius Caesar, we have different types of Irony. The one used the most is dramatic irony, meaning the audience is aware of the character’s mistakes or misunderstandings but the character is not. For example, Caesar’s ambition, and his popularity increasing, caused the conspirators to fear that he would take over. We, as the reader, can see Caesar’s flaws although he does not. This ironic characteristic that we see shows us how Caesar’s flaws lead to his death. Julius Caesar ignored the signs and kept going in his ambitious quest to gain power; therefore, he had a lot of irony extent into his characterization. Other than dramatic irony, we have another irony called verbal irony. Verbal irony is when the writer says one thing and means another. In the play, Antony’s speech in Caesar’s funeral to the people who loved Brutus presents irony. Antony repeatedly kept saying â€Å"Brutus is an honorable man†¦ â€Å", or â€Å"Brutus is a noble man†, throughout his speech. This quote shows the irony because Antony did not mean what he was saying. His purpose was to force the people into seeing what Brutus has done without actually saying â€Å"Brutus assassinated your leader, Caesar†. What Antony did was very clever, and from that we conclude that irony has extent into his characterization very much. Finally, from all this we can conclude that Shakespeare has done an excellent job! How to cite Julius Caesar, Papers Julius Caesar Free Essays Theme Analysis of Julius Caesar The subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person’s thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic: â€Å"the theme of the sermon was reverence†. Almost everything a person reads has some sort of theme, without a theme, is the material really meaningful? When one is asked to identify the theme of a work of literature there is not one right answer, but many. In Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, power and masculinity go hand-in-hand, pride holds both positive and negative qualities, and friendship results in manipulation and violent betrayals. We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar or any similar topic only for you Order Now In ancient Rome, it was a â€Å"man’s world† where men are considered weak and cowardly at any sign of fear or emotion and women are considered inferior and irrelevant simply because they were women. In act one, Cassius attempts to undermine Caesar’s authority as a leader by attacking his masculinity multiple times: â€Å"But ere we could arrive the point proposed, / Caesar cried ‘Help me, Cassius, or I sink! ‘†¦ †(Shakespeare), here Cassius tells of a time when Caesar had tried to prove his bravery and nearly drowns in the Tiber river and called out to Cassius for help. In another instance, Cassius tells of a time when Caesar was ill and had to ask for water, â€Å"Alas, it cried ‘Give me some drink, Titinius,’ / As a sick girl. Ye gods, it doth amaze me†(Shakespeare). In ancient Rome, being sick or in distress was a sign of weakness and lack of manliness. In act two, Portia attempts to persuade Brutus to share his secrets with her by telling him if he will not tell her, then she is simply his harlot, not his wife: Within the bond of marriage, tell me, Brutus, Is it excepted I should know no secrets That appertain to you? Am I yourself But, as it were, in sort or limitation, To keep with you at meals, comfort your bed, And talk to you sometimes? Dwell I but in the suburbs Of your good pleasure? If it be no more, Portia is Brutus’ harlot, not his wife. (Shmoop Editorial Team) After a failing attempt to convince Marcus Brutus to confide in her, she decides to prove her strength by giving herself a voluntary wound in her thigh, â€Å"I have made strong proof of my constancy, / Giving myself a voluntary wound / Here, in the thigh: can I bear that with patience†(Shmoop Editorial Team). Caesar completely disregards his Calpurnia’s, his wife, ominous dream so he will not be seen as a coward to the other men, â€Å"Calphurnia here, my wife, stays me at home: / She dreamt to-night she saw my statue, / Which, like a fountain with an hundred spouts, / Did run pure blood:†¦. †(Crowther). Calpurnia begs Caesar to stay home because ancient Rome was very superstitious and she had dreamt of his death. At first, Caesar agrees because, in reality, he too is superstitious and fearful, until Decius persuades him. â€Å" How foolish do your fears seem now, Calphurnia! / I am ashamed I did yield to them. Give me my robe, for I will goâ€Å" (Crowther), Decius changes the interpretation of Calpurnia’s dream by telling Caesar that Calpurnia is unable to properly interpret her dream and everyone would question his manhood and power if he listened to his wife. Although masculinity was a problem for both men and women in ancient Rome, pride seems to be more t roublesome for the men versus the women. Julius Caesar’s lack of humility and extreme arrogance throughout his time in the play is blinding him, but Marcus Brutus’ humbleness leads him to seem wiser and more likeable compared to Caesar. Caesar’s prideful arrogance shields him from seeing the harm the conspirators accuse him of and the harm that is being planned against him: â€Å"Caesar shall forth: the things that threaten’d me / Ne’er look’d but on my back; when they shall see / The face of Caesar, they are vanished† (Crowther). The women, Portia and Clapurnia, are less affected by arrogance because for one, they lack the ability to hold arrogance. Calpurnia is open and honest about her fears of her dream and of her desires for Caesar to stay home: â€Å"Alas, my lord, Your wisdom is consumed in confidence. Do not go forth to-day: call it my fear That keeps you in the house, and not your own. We’ll send Mark Antony to the senate-house: And he shall say you are not well to-day: Let me, upon my knee, prevail in this. † (Shmoop Editorial Team) Portia is accepting of the fact that Brutus is untrusting of her because she is a woman even though her father is a great man, as is her husband (Brutus), â€Å"I grant I am a woman; but withal / A woman well-reputed, Cato’s daughter. / Think you I am no stronger than my sex, / Being so father’d and so husbanded? (Shmoop Editorial Team). Brutus’ humility is ultimately the downfall of him as he lacks the strength and conviction to justify the murder of Caesar, his friend. â€Å"O Cassius, I am sick of many griefs† (Shakespeare), here Brutus tells Cassius he is feeling guilty about his actions and decides to bear his grief nobly. He also decides to not get upset or worried about things like the death of his wif e or murdering his best friend. If he had decided that he had the right to judge Caesar, and judged him correctly, then he may not have decided to be a art of the conspiracy and the murder of Julius Caesar might not have happened. Pride played major parts in the play for both Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus, as does friendship. The men, particularly Caesar and Brutus, in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar must decide between their friendships and their loyalty to the Roman Republic. Brutus is the first to fall victim to the manipulation and violent betrayal when he joins the conspiracy act once it appears that he, Caesar, is headed for absolute power. Cassius, Be not deceived: if I have veil’d my look, I turn the trouble of my countenance Merely upon myself. Vexed I am Of late with passions of some difference, Conceptions only proper to myself, Which give some soil perhaps to my behaviors; But let not therefore my good friends be grieved— Among which number, Cassius, be you one— Nor construe any further my neglect, Than that poor Brutus, with himself at war, Forgets the shows of love to other men. (Shmoop Editorial Team) here, Brutus goes out of his way to apologize to Cassius once he, Cassius, sks Brutus why he’s been â€Å"distant†, later in act one, Cassius manipulates Brutus’ friendship by extreme flattery, â€Å"And be not jealous on me, gentle Brutus: / Were I a common laugher, or did use / To stale with ordinary oaths my love / To every new protester; if you know / That I do fawn on men and hug them hard† (Shakespeare). Brutus then, in act three, states that his choice came down to hi s love for Rome, versus his love for his friend â€Å"–Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved / Rome more†(Shakespeare). In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, it is nearly impossible for the men to separate their true friends from their enemies. Caesar was unable to identify his true friend, Antony, who would grieve and attempt to avenge his, Caesar’s, death by killing Cassius and Brutus. In act three scene one, once Antony is notified of Caesar’s death, he tells the conspirators that if they believe he too, is corrupt, than to kill him then because he would be happiest to die next to Caesar, â€Å"No place will please me so, no mean of death, / As here by Caesar, and by you cut off, / The choice and master spirits of this age† (Shmoop Editorial Team). During Mark Antony’s speech at Caesar’s funeral, he indirectly declares vengeance against Brutus and Cassius. In this play, manipulation and friendship go together in the ways that they lead to each other. Cassius is not truly Brutus’ friend, he only used and manipulated him, Brutus, because without Brutus, the conspiracy may not have been successful; Tis just, And it is very much lamented, Brutus, That you have no such mirrors as will turn Your hidden worthiness into your eye That you might see your shadow. I have heard Where many of the best respect in Rome, Except immortal Caesar, speaking of Brutus And groaning underneath this age’s yoke, Have wish’d that noble Brutus had his eyes. (Crowther) The conspiracy cannot be complete without Brutus as shown in the following quote â€Å"That Rome holds of his name, wherein obscurely / Caesar’s ambition shall be glanced at. / And after this let Caesar seat him sure; / For we will shake him, or worse days endureâ€Å"(Crowther), Cassius is placing fake letters from fake citizens about their desires for Brutus to rule, in hopes that this will contribute to Brutus joining the conspiracy. Also, once it is clear that Mark Antony is going to win the war, Cassius seems to attempt to leave Brutus and the war and flee, showing again, that Cassius isn’t true to Brutus or their so called â€Å"friendship†. Antony is able to use manipulation to change the citizens from being on Brutus’ side, to rioting in a matter of minutes, â€Å"Never, never. Come, away, away! / We’ll burn his body in the holy place / And with the brands fire the traitors’ houses. / Take up the body†(Shmoop Editorial Team). Masculinity, pride, and friendship are all themes affecting Shakespeare’s characters in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. The men of Rome faced many problems with the ideals of their time and some of which eventually led to the downfall of some men (and Portia) in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. How to cite Julius Caesar, Essay examples Julius Caesar Free Essays Then fall, Caesar! † These last words of Caesar show the heartbreak and betrayal that he felt inside. The relationship between Brutes and Caesar is bitterly ironic in such a way that the audience can feel the characters emotions. However, it Is somewhat difficult to choose whether you can Justify the actions of the conspirators, or if you fall into the sorrow and anger that is inside those who loved and supported Caesar. We will write a custom essay sample on Julius Caesar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Going back to Career’s last words, â€Å"Et TU Brute? Then fall, Caesar! † you can start to put an image In your head. Imagine that you were randomly Ewing stabbed by the people you thought liked you so much that they actually wanted to king you. Not only were you stabbed once, but a painful 33 times. And to really put the cherry on top, the last person to stab you was supposedly one of your closest friends. Torturous much? It doesn’t stop yet. You dedicate your last words of the feelings of defeat and utter betrayal to your close friend. It almost seems as If Caesar was reaching out to the morality of Brutes, Caesar desperately wanted Brutes to know that he was important to him, and that there is almost nothing else that loud have pained him so much than to be stabbed lastly by someone that he thought was so close. Once again, bringing it back to Caesar last words, â€Å"Et TU. Brute? † is just the English what the translator decided to write. Different translations say something like, muff too, young man? Or â€Å"You too, my son? † A popular belief is that Brutes is actually Caesar illegitimate son, as some say there is historical proof that Brutes’ mother and Caesar once intimately loved each other. For this to happen Caesar would have to be only 15 when Brutes was born, so it is found unlikely by any. Whether or not Brutes and Caesar were kin by blood, it is still known that they had an in depth relationship with each other. After Career’s death, there are oodles of complications. After Antonym had given his speech, the crowd rioted and burned down the houses of the conspirators. Antonym, Octavia, and Lipid’s had taken charge of Rome. Both Antonym and Octavia agreed to have Lipid’s to be the third person in power because of his willingness to agree with what he’s told. Such an act reveals the characters of Antonym and Octavia as loaches and avaricious. Before a war has started, Brutes encounters the ghost of Caesar. Some believe that the ghost was lust a dream, but if this were so, then it shows how Brutes really feels towards Caesar. Caesar was once his close friend, and even though he believed he was participating in the assassination for a cause, he seems to question his motives when he feels convicted by the ghost. War has begun between Antonym and Octavia against Brutes and Cassias. The armless set out, and Antonym army beats Cassias’ army, but Brutes’ army beats Activation’s army. Cassias then sends out Taluses, of his friends, to Investigate. Cassias thought that Taluses was captured, and out of his own guilt and cowardliness to see what was going on for himself, his friend would pay the price. Cassias committed suicide, even though Taluses wasn’t actually captured. Once again, the armies fight. Brutes loses the war this time, and before he is captured and paraded around the streets of his enemy in shame, he decides to commit an honorary suicide by running onto a sword while having one of his soldiers holds it. Ablest Roman of them all: [All the conspirators, save only he, [Did that they did in new of great Caesar; [He only, in a general-honest thought [And common good to all, made one of them. His life was gentle; and the elements [So mixed in him that Nature might stand up [And say to all the world, â€Å"This was a man! † Even Antonym, the enemy of Brutes, calls him noble, in which he realizes that Brutes was not in the same reasoning as Cassias. Brutes actually cared about Rome, and even though his viewpoints did not match up with Antonym’s, he still was genuine. Throughout the text it is plain to see that Brutes is open minded, but he makes mistake s. Brutes is human, and relatable. Through his moral, the reader can forgive Brutes’ bluntness. In my opinion, Brutes is the one that most people tend to favor because of his realistic and thoughtful character. Viewing the conspirators and how they Justified their decision in killing Caesar is somewhat of a confusing manner. Brutes feels like he’s in the right place, he says he loves Caesar well, so this kind of shows Brutes sacrificing is friend for the good of Rome. Cassias, on the other hand, went on with the murder for purely out of the negativity he feels towards Caesar, rather than doing it for the benefit of Rome. So when choosing a side between the people for and against Caesar, you cannot exactly pick the conspirators as a whole. Instead, one could break it down into three main sides: The people in favor of Caesar, such as Antonym and Octavo’s, the positive conspirators, such as Brutes, and lastly the negative conspirators, such as Cassias. How to cite Julius Caesar, Papers

Slavery Life On The Plantations Essay Example For Students

Slavery Life On The Plantations Essay Slave Life The warm climate, boundless fields of fertile soil, long growing seasons, and numerous waterways provided favorable conditions for farming plantations in the South (Foster). The richness of the South depended on the productivity of the plantations (Katz 3-5). With the invention of the cotton gin, expansion of the country occurred. This called for the spread of slavery (Foster). Slaves, owned by one in four families, were controlled from birth to death by their white owners. Black men, women, and children toiled in the fields and houses under horrible conditions (Katz 3-5). The slave system attempted to destroy black family structure and take away human dignity (Starobin 101). Slaves led a hard life on the Southern plantations. Most slaves were brought from Africa, either kidnapped or sold by their tribes to slave catchers for violating a tribal command. Some were even traded for tobacco, sugar, and other useful products (Cowan and Maguire 5:18). Those not killed or lucky e nough to escape the slave-catching raids were chained together (Foster). The slaves had no understanding of what was happening to them. They were from different tribes and of different speaking languages. Most captured blacks had never seen the white skinned foreigners who came on long, strange boats to journey them across the ocean. They would never see their families or native lands again. These unfortunate people were shackled and crammed tightly into the holds of ships for weeks. Some refused to eat and others committed suicide by jumping overboard (Foster). When the ships reached American ports, slaves were unloaded into pens to be sold at auctions to the highest bidder. One high-priced slave compared auction prices with another, saying, quot;You wouldnt fetch bout fifty dollas, but Im wuth a thousandquot; (qtd. in Foster). At the auctions, potential buyers would examine the captives muscles and teeth. Mens and womens bodies were exposed to look for lash marks. No marks on a bo dy meant that he or she was an obedient person. The slaves were required to dance or jump around to prove their limberness. Young, fair-skinned muttaloes, barely clothed and ready to be sold to brothel owners, were kept in private rooms (Foster). It was profitable to teach the slaves skills so that during the crop off-season they could be hired out to work. Although they were not being paid, some were doing more skilled work than poor whites were. The better behaved slaves were allowed to be carpenters, masons, bricklayers, or iron workers. The construction of bridges, streets, canals, railroad lines, public buildings, and private homes was made possible by using slave labor (Cowan and Maguire 5:44). Slaves had no rights. This was done to keep them from revolting against their masters or attaining too much power (Katz 3-5). They were not allowed to communicate with each other or have meetings of any sort. To leave the plantation, a worker was required to have a pass signed by the ma ster and overseer. Slaves could not own property, although some masters authorized it. Knives, guns, or any kind of weapon was not allowed. Forced separation of family members was a constant, dreadful threat (Foster). ;quot;It was de saddes thing dat ever happen to me,quot; one slave recalls of the sale of her sister, whom she never saw again (qtd. in Foster). Blacks received harsher criminal sentencing than whites, regardless of the crime (Cowan and Maguire 5:17). Marriage between slaves was not legally recognized, but owners encouraged it because a more stable environment was created. Married couples with children were less likely to attempt escape. Unfortunately, there usually was not a suitable mate choice among the slaves, so most remained single (Starobin 7). Rebel slaves would recruit Indians, poor whites, and anti-slavery persons to attack all white men, women, and children (Starobin 123-26). These uprisings occurred with at least one major revolt per generation (Starobin 98 ). Most rebellions were led by skilled artisans and industrial workers. The slaves depended on midnight surprise attacks and support from many (Starobin 124). They would set fire to buildings; while the whites were extinguishing the flames, angry slaves would assault them from behind (Starobin 123-26). Owners were forced to quot;sleep with one eye openquot; in case the large masses of slaves decided to uprise (qtd. in Foster). On a much smaller scale, slaves expressed their hate by refusing their duties, performing slow and sloppy work, stealing goods, fighting with overseers, sabotaging machinery and tools, and resisting the white culture forced upon them (Starobin 98-99). Some attempted to run away. They sought refuge in mountains and swamps. Professional slave catchers used bloodhound dogs to track down runaways. Sometimes handbills with the description of the slave were printed and distributed through several communities. In some cases, after a few days or weeks in the wildernes s, a slave would give up hope and return to his master. Very few runaways escaped to freedom. Captured slaves would be beaten, burned, or killed as an example to other slaves (Foster). Whipping was the most commonly used form of punishment for disorderly slaves (David et al. 63-68). Rewards were handed out to the fastest and most productive cotton pickers. One might receive extra food rations or a new set of clothing. Some earned assignment to tasks of choice. Permission to visit a neighboring plantation might be given or a trip to town might be planned. Some overseers gave out small amounts of money to buy tobacco, jewelry, or trinkets from peddlers (David et al. 69-70). Overwork pay was another favorable prize, but few slaveowners used this method (Starobin 7). A slave was considered lucky if he got to be a house servant. House servants were considered the quot;aristocrats of slaveryquot; (qtd. in Ploski and Williams 1438). They were the best behaved and most submissive, occasiona lly even the mixed offspring of the master himself. The house servants were raised in belief that they were superior to other slaves in status and importance (Starobin 63). Intimate friendships often formed between master and messenger (Ploski and Williams 1438). Young black boys and girls were sometimes adopted into the family (Katz 4-5). House slaves were allowed to practice trades such as tailoring and masonry. Some were permitted to study music and teach. Duties of the housekeeper were managing the house, caring for the children, and driving the buggy; they basically catered to the masters requests (Ploski and Williams 1438). A slaveowner might enlist the help of his servant to spy on overseers and tattle on other slaves (Starobin 63). Most house slaves lived in the same house as the master (Ploski and Williams 1438). The majority of house servants were women; therefore, they were open and vulnerable to sexual abuse. They were unsafe from lusty masters and overseers, even fellow slave men, who ignored state laws against rape. Powerless women were forced into prostitution. The slave woman suffered most by the white ;quot;fiends who bear the shape of men.;quot; (qtd. in Foster). Fortunately this seldomly occurred (Foster). Sometimes a willing relationship between master and slave evolved (Ploski and Williams 1438). Field hands met a much harsher fate. ;quot;Unrelieved horror and vicious cruelty;quot; described the day-to-day life of a field hand (qtd. in Katz 3). They were in charge of sowing, reaping, and planting commercial crops like cotton and tobacco under the watchful eye of unmerciful overseers (Ploski and Williams 1437). They worked in all weather conditions from sunup to sundown every day. Slaves were rarely used to grow grains such as wheat, rye, and barley because they were considered unsuitable to handle it (Katz 4-5). Field laborers cared for equipment and kept gardens in shape (Ploski and Williams 1437). When the need for soldiers arose during war, some blacks enlisted into the militia, either willingly or by force from the master (Cowan and Maguire 5: 17). Masters kept food, clothing, and shelter at bare minimum to reduce costs (Starobin 7). Often workers were given a small shack with no windows, a bare dirt floor, and a leaky roof. Several families might live in one crowded room. They were allowed corn or rice, maybe a bucket a week, and rarely received meat as a food staple. The field slaves were very malnourished. The slaves were given one set of clothing to wear for years, and most did not have shoes (Ploski and Williams 1439). As a result of the poor living conditions, disease and death rates were kept high (Starobin 7). Most adult slaves were worked to death in eight to ten years (Ploski and Williams 1437). Slavery was a terrible institution. It took peoples lives and tore them apart. Many black people suffered for decades. Slaves were exposed to prejudice and inhuman treatment. They lived in unthinkable conditions , stripped of their dignity and rights as human beings. Slavery changed the path of history forever. Works Cited Cowan, Tom, and Jack Maguire. Timelines in American History. New York: Perigee Books, 1994. David, Paul, et al. Reckoning with Slavery. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. Foster, Stephen T. The Civil War Collection. New York: New Viewpoints, 1974. Katz, William Loren, ed. Slavery to Civil War. Vol 2. New York: Franklin Watts, 1974. Ploski, Harry A., and James Williams. Reference Library of Black America. Vol 5. New York: Gale Research, 1990. Starobin, Robert S., Blacks in Bondage. New York: New Viewpoints, 1974. .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f , .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .postImageUrl , .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f , .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:hover , .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:visited , .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:active { border:0!important; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:active , .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20699f44bcac3e9ef236f7b47072614f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A nail, with some name engraved on it, suddenly appeared in the man`s hand Essay

J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album Essay Example

J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album Paper The artist Jermaine Cole, otherwise known as J. Cole, released his album called Forest Hills Drive in 2014. Among the songs on this album, there was one that stood out to me and touched me personally. â€Å"Love Yourz† which is a song that J. Cole used to show people that they should appreciate the life and experiences they have now instead of taking them for granted. In the context of the album, this song follows Cole’s self-reflection because he is beginning to realize that the money and fame didn’t bring him the happiness he desired. To gain the true happiness he was yearning for, he needed to appreciate himself more and those that love him. â€Å"Love Yourz† was certainly hailed as one of the standout songs off J. Cole’s late 2014 album Forest Hills Drive. This song is a sincere work about being true to yourself and not letting material things dictate the purpose of your life. J. Coles’ main argument in the song is to appreciate the ones you have because they’re not always guaranteed to be there tomorrow. The hook â€Å"No such thing as a life that’s better than yours† is the most significant line in the whole song. J. Cole is really saying that hating your life isn’t going to make it better. He is trying o amount of success, money, cars, women, or power will make you truly happy. Most people believe that success is all they need for happiness. But without the love and support of those who you care most about you will never be truly happy. We will write a custom essay sample on J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He then goes to say â€Å"The good news is nigga you came a long way, the bad news is nigga you went the wrong way, Think being broke was better†. He is saying that through all of the success and all of the fame he hasn’t found happiness, and that in all actuality he was happier struggling. J. Cole really is speaking on how much better life was when he appreciated the little things. J. Cole is also telling his listeners to not worry about negative influences and or criticism. â€Å"Fak

Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essays

Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essays Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essay Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essay dominate antigay beliefs with victimization ( Mayberry, 2006 ) , etc. More comprehensive survey on psychological experiences of sapphic striplings at school cited that they are at higher hazard for substance maltreatment, physical and sexual maltreatment, emotional isolation, school dropout, low self-esteem, bad or self-abusive activities, and sexually familial disease ( Black, J. , A ; Underwood, J. 1998 ) . Furthermore, homophobic experiences lead to hapless school public presentation and contribute significantly to mental wellness jobs, substance maltreatment, legal struggles and run-away behaviour ( Remafedi, 1987 ) . From the facet of psychological development, adolescence is a clip of physiological revolution for the adolescent ( Erikson, 1968 ) . Searching for her ain personal individuality, a teenage miss is at her important developmental phase of individuality versus function confusion crisis. Essential elements that contribute to sweetening of the adolescent psychological wellbeing during this phase of development involve friendly relationships, societal experiences and important others. Hetrick and Martin ( 1987 ) stated from their survey that tantrum in with their equals and derive equal blessing frequently becomes an all-consuming undertaking. Positive societal interaction among pupils in the school environment normally leads healthy psychosocial development in striplings. Undeniable, sapphic striplings are confronting the same developmental undertakings and crises that all young persons face. However, their developmental procedures are immensely complicated by homophobic, oppressive, sch ool environments ( Deisher, 1989 ) . Many increased stressors suffered by sexual minority young persons are finally tied to psychological hurt ( D Augelli, Pilkington, A ; Hershberger, 2002 ; Elze, 2005 ) . A turning sum of researches emphrasize the pressing mental wellness demands in sexual minority population, particularly for adolescents ( Davis, T. , 2010 ; Swann, S. , 2004 ; May, B. , 2010, etc ) . Major grounds for seeking mental wellness service among immature tribades are depression, relationship issues, and emphasis, anxiousness every bit good as aid to cover with being homosexual ( Roberts. S, 2004 ) . Studies researching the grounds behind noted that the secrecy about being a sapphic, covering with sexual individuality, self-stigma, and being a member of a stigmatized group lead to anxiousness and depression. These grounds were peculiarly true for striplings ( Paroski, 1987 ) . Furthermore, Cochran ( 2001 ) found that, gay work forces and tribades are at a greater lif e-time hazard for major depression and self-destruction, particularly during adolescence. Although mental wellness issues as such, are normally shared by sexual minority people around the universe, there are other issues refering certain cultural contexts should non be ignored. Chinese Background There is a little but respectable size of literature about mental wellness of Asiatic tribades and gay work forces much less is about lives of Asiatic tribades. Harmonizing to these limited surveies, Chinese tribades are sing greater troubles, compared with their Western opposite numbers. ( Harada, 2001 ; Jones, 2007 ; Poon A ; Ho, 2008 ; Wong A ; Tang, 2004 ) . In Chinese societies, there are norms that are characterized by deeply deep-rooted cultural attitudes which against same-sex attractive force, particularly for females. Harmonizing to Confucian impressions, a girl is expected to obtain her individuality from relationships with work forces, executing familial functions, get marrieding to a adult male and giving birth to kids. As for tribades, it is non possible for them to follow the duties. They are traveling to populate wholly different manner of lives, and trim attempts toward self credence, ego development and ego fulfilling. However, the procedure is frequently painful. With those cultural constructs, immature tribades will meet multi- stressors, e.g. , internalized heterosexism, self-stigma, societal and psychological isolation, etc ( Pizza Ka-Yee Chow, 2010 ) . Among them, the manifestations of self-aware emotions ( e.g. , shame, guilt ) differ markedly between individualistic and collectivized civilizations, which farther indi cate the of import of analyzing issues of tribades in Chinese civilization background. ( Eid A ; Diener, 2001 ; Kitayama, Markus, A ; Matrumoto, 1995 ) . Shame experience, in comparing with Western civilizations, is more omnipresent within Chinese civilization. Furthermore, distinguished from individualists who recognize themselves to be alone and independent leftists tend to see their egos as interrelated and mutualist with each other ( Markus A ; Kitayama, 1991 ) . Collectivists are more likely influenced by people who are close to them instead than those are more distant in relationship. Hence, in Chinese societies, it is much harder for immature tribades to place themselves without sentiments of their important others, most notably, parents. This leads to another related experience among tribades societal and psychological isolation, which worsen their state of affairs during phase of adolescent psychological development. Many western researches analyzing issues related to mental wellness services and their clinical usage within immature tribades have been conducted in the past two decennaries, supplying valuable and impactful inspirations for service planning in the hereafter. Roberts. S, et Al ( 2004 ) explored issues related to mental wellness jobs and usage of services of tribades, followed the Boston Health Project II, emphrasizing that resources for sapphic striplings are of particular concern as they are a alone high hazard population. Feasible suggestions for service planning were discussed in this survey, a ) easy accessible mental wellness services in communities, B ) community bureaus such as infirmaries, clinics, churches, YMCAs and other young person groups for self-exploration, support and protagonism, etc, degree Celsius ) school-based mental wellness services. Another most recent survey conducted by Tamara. S. Davis and Susan Saltzburg ( 2010 ) was utilizing the theoretical account of construct function to measure community demands of sexual minority young persons for service planning. Types of supports, every bit good as dominant countries for service planning that most run into the demands of this mark population were successfully generated from conceptual function. Mental wellness related supports, such as supplying them resources and/or entree to mental wellness professionals through formal curative intercession or more informal professionally led support groups, were strongly recommended so that they have opportunities to confide and speak about the many emotions and beliefs that envelop their coming-out procedure. After old ages of protagonism, homosexualism was decriminalized in 1997 in Mainland China. In 2001, homosexualism was eliminated as a diagnostic class in The Criterion of Psychopathic Classification and Diagnosing issued in China. Laging far behind many Western states, nevertheless, the whole Chinese society has been striding frontward to contending for equal societal and legal rights. Among the Chinese communities, Taiwan is seen to be at the head of the development of Tongzhi ( Homosexuality in Chinese ) civilization, Mainland China is new to the motion, and Hong Kong is someplace mediate ( Perspex, 2006 ) . Refering certain historical background, the cultural prejudice against same-sex orientation is believed to be stronger in Mainland China than in the other two societies. In Mainland China, comparison to gay civilization, sapphic ( or Lala in the local linguistic communication ) civilization in mainland China attracts less public attending and still seems unseeable, although it is widely studied in the field of literature ( Yaya, C. , A ; Yiqing, C. 2006 ) . Under enormous external and internal emphasis from the mainstream society, Lalas are at a disadvantage to do a voice in public, allow entirely for those adolescent Lalas. As a consequence, there was one channel, through which they found it a perfect topographic point to be supported, understood and protected from their Tongzhi equals, that is the Internet. Respectable findings from a recent survey conducted by Yaya, C and Yiqing, C ( 2006 ) showed that, sapphic organisations were foremost formed as Internet Communities with the development of the Internet. The first sapphic meeting in populace was held in Beijing in 1997. Since so, more assisting services initiated by fervent sapphic militants have been built up for the sweetening of the wellbeing of Lalas in Mainland China, such as the Purple Phoenix Organization ( by Xiaoxian in 1997 ) , the Beijing Sisters Organization ( 1998 ) with its Telephone Hotline and The Sky Magazine, the Tongyu Group ( by Xiaoxian, 2005 ) and the Shanghai Lesbians ( 2005 ) , etc. Lalas in Mainland China have become progressively seeable, first in chat-rooms and bulletin boards on the Internet, later in some homosexual or assorted bars, and more late in societal assemblages organized by sapphic groups in many large metropoliss, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, etc, across the state, yet the internet continues to be the most popular meeting topographic point for Lalas in the state ( Kam. L, 2007 ) .There are many celebrated sapphic web sites with big rank, wheras, none of them has a great influence on the big society ( Yaya, C. , A ; Yiqing, C. 2006 ) . Lesbians in Mainland China experience great troubles in whether edifice organisations or running Internet Communities for missing of supports and understanding. As a consequence, many of them are confronting fiscal jobs so that they have to be aborted ( Xian, 2006 ) . Mental wellness demands for tribades Large sum of surveies showed that there s a high proportion of use of mental wellness services among tribades. They are high users of mental wellness services across decennaries ( 80 % in BLHP I vs. 84 % in BLHP II ) ( Sorensen A ; Roberts, 1997 ) . Records of comparative researches show lower rates of therapy use among heterosexual adult females than among tribades ( Cochran A ; Mays, 2000 ; Hughes et al. , 1997 ; Matthews et al. , 2002 ) . These findings give great support to the hypothesis that sapphic civilization promotes the usage of mental wellness professionals ( Morgan. K A ; Eliason. M, 1992 ) , and they are in great demand of accessible and feasible mental wellness services. Furthermore, tribades are more comfy with female, particularly sapphic mental wellness practicians ( Sorensen A ; Roberts, 1997 ) . It is likely that lesbians experience less fearful about unwraping their gender and being viewed every bit pathological as in curative relationship with a female and/o r sapphic. Particularly, refering stripling tribades, who are at their important phase in the development of self-identity ( Erikson, 1959 ) , they are in great demand for mental wellness services, peculiarly in community, school and household scenes ( Rutter and Leech, 2006 ) . In this period, immature tribades are to see tremendous force per unit area from equals, parents and the media to conform to the norm , they will frequently experience unsupported, entirely and burdened. Therefore, as mental wellness professionals, it is pressing to put up a community-based mental wellness service sensitive to the demands of immature tribades to back up them at the most vulnerable clip. Merely in this manner, can they avoid or cut down their troubles associated with many jobs. No affair in what form the sapphic communities are in current Mainland China, their mark service population is either Tongzhis ( both tribades and homosexuals ) , or Lalas or homosexuals individually. There is no more service proviso specifically concentrate on certain different age groups, e.g. stripling tribades, middle aged tribades, etc. It is likely due to the immature and short history of the development of sapphic civilization in China. Furthermore, all the sapphic communities were folk communities, they were organized and built up by sapphic militants who were by and large knowing immature adult females, largely university pupils, alumnuss, etc. Purposes of these organisations including, supply sapphic information and psychological science tutelage for the corresponding group, form treatment about Chinese tribades, strive for more public benefits, and some besides promulgate sapphic cognition on campus, etc. Nevertheless, none of these communities has professional background to truly supply dependable and important cognition, allow entirely mental wellness service to tribades who are truly in demand. They portion common disadvantages as deficiency of relevant experience, every bit good as sufficient and functioning organisation. Therefore, most communities are ephemeral and with small influence among sapphic population, allow entirely the full populace. Target population: immature tribades, chiefly high school pupils, aged from 15- 18 old ages old, who are confused about their ain sexual orientation or holding troubles in developing sexual individuality. Organization composing: Renowned, important and professional Chinese sexologists, sociologists and psychologists, Professional and experienced psychological counsellors and registered societal workers work for adolescence, Lesbian militants and authors, High school instructors from chief metropoliss in Mainland China ( in which Tongzhi civilization is vivacious for tribades and homosexuals, such as Shanghai, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Beijing, etc. ) , Who, Are active in naming for greater apprehension, tolerance for nonconventional sexual attitudes and determinations in China Care about the sweetening of psychological wellbeing of immature tribades in Mainland China Mission: Promote tolerance and apprehension of sexual diverseness in school scenes Bring together the positions of mental wellness practicians, research workers and militants refering to issues of psychological development of stripling tribades. Offer important and dependable information, cognition sing sapphic psychological science Provide professional mental wellness services for immature tribades Enhance psychological wellbeing of immature tribades Influence and promote other bureaus, and parents, to develop their cognition and supply appropriate support to immature tribades. Main responsibilities Conduct probe among general adolescence population and research into the current state of affairs and psychological demands of immature tribades. The intent is to construct up a valuable information base of immature tribades in Mainland China for future mention and surveies. Give preparations to mental wellness professionals. high school instructors included, about issues of gender and sexual orientation. Specific focal point on cognition of the spectrum of human gender and sexual orientation, and on attitudes towards people who are non heterosexual is extremely valued. ( King. M A ; Bartlett. A, 1999 ; MacEwan. I, 1994 ) . High school instructor who are actively in fall ining the organisation will be regarded as the most direct and efficient advocate in supplying mental wellness service in school scenes. Display public service advertisement postings and booklets in topographic points that are available in chosen metropoliss. Set up a web site. Aimed at turn toing the importance of mental wellness of immature tribades every bit good as increasing promotion of the organisation. Arduous as can be imagined, this attempt can merely be made with indorsement and support from the authorities. We assume that those celebrated and important members in the organisation will do it easier to implementing this program. Supply correspondence or e-mail guidance, telephone guidance for immature tribades. Refering immature tribades will do contact by either missive, electronic mail or telephone in response to reading about the Organization on postings, booklets or web site, mental wellness practicians in the Organization are to offer service to those respondents. Help immature tribades to derive peer support. Though the web site, the Organization can ease immature tribades to do contact and correspond with each other to derive more understanding and support and portion their experiences. All publications built by Organization are non sole for heterosexual stripling. This population can besides read and larn more about the positive and comprehensive cognition of sexual orientation and individuality. Upon understanding, immature tribades are more likely to derive the support from their heterosexual striplings which is deemed to be more of import than the support from their sapphic equals ( Slater, 1998 ) . Restrictions

E-business and business analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-business and business analysis - Assignment Example Com has given me the opportunity to view the fashion apparel in 360 degree manner and also gives me the suggestion about ideal fashion line for me. I personally believe e-Business is extremely helpful in daily life also. Unique feature of e-Business is it’s time saving capability. For example, customers do not get the opportunity to check merchandise in retail outlets during the holiday seasons due to long queue and small store capacity while the same person can check merchandise in a relaxed manner while using the websites like Amazon, e-Bay and others. I believe e-Business has not only increased the buyer power but also increased product option for customers. E-Business Company like e-Bay has given the opportunity to customers to auction their merchandise without appointing any third party agents and I believe this facility has increased the transparency in transaction (ebay, 2012). I believe as a student that e-business has great importance in our studies. Home delivery fac ility of online shopping has also increased convenience for students like me. I also like the simple and easy payment options of e-business companies. Question 2 Cloud computing is the latest buzz word in the field of web technology. The technology provides various benefits like free installation and updating of software and email service, large backup space, free software access, creating document (read Google Drive) and saving the document in virtual space, customized calendar scheduling through Info Street and many others. The application has disadvantages like frequent server downtime, low privacy concern and few others. Overall Cloud computing is a beneficial option for small firms complemented with low financial resources. Small firms can compensate their resource scarcity by acquiring much needed data resources in cost effective manner through cloud computing. Small businesses owners have the opportunity to use Social media as fifth element of integrated marketing communicati on to promote their brand and generate awareness. They also can use social networking sites like LinkedIn in order to select candidates for jobs and it will save costs associated with recruitment process. Social media technology not only helps small business owners to increase brand equity but it also helps them to save costs. Small business owners need to use the mobile phones as potential medium to increase reach of the advertisements. They have the opportunity to integrate the advertisement message with latest Smartphone applications in order to generate maximum penetration. Mobile marketing provides various benefits like high response rate, direct communication with customers through text messaging, customization of services and many others hence small business owners should bank on these opportunities to achieve future business growth. Smartphone like Apple iPhones, Nokia Lumia, Samsung Galaxy has incorporated various features in the phone in order to fulfill customer requireme nt. Smartphone manufacturers are integrating latest technology in order to enhance customization in the offering. Small business owners can use the Smartphone applications in order to decrease both fixed and variable cost associated with certain office equipment and value chain integration (Ward, 2012). Question 3 The study will compare and contrast two social media marketing models such as Marketo’s sample plan and HubSpot’

Benefits of the iPhone5 to an Architectural company Essay

Benefits of the iPhone5 to an Architectural company - Essay Example (Tech gadgets, n. d.). In order to evaluate how the iPhone 5 can serve an architectural company, data/information management needs persisting in the architectural industry are closely analysed. It is observed that the weakness in information management and communication can negatively affect an architectural company’s market competitiveness. An architectural company cannot deliver effective services to its clients unless there are improved information and communication management systems in operation. In the next session, the paper discusses how these needs of an architectural company can be met using the iPhone. ... By the turn of the 20th century, the business world became highly competitive, and subsequently many business firms went out of business due to their insufficient competitive capabilities. In order to manage the high level growth, companies are required to pay particular attention to construction activities and infrastructure development (Ruth, n. d.). It is obvious that infrastructure development is very crucial to attract potential investors and hence to ensure sustainable business growth Government of the Rostov Region, n. d.). Therefore, architectural companies have immense growth opportunities in today’s business world. In addition to the explosive business growth, the increasing need for housing also offers potential opportunities for architectural firms (The Hindu Business Line, 2012). Today, a large number of architectural companies are active in the industry so as to take advantages of the emerging infrastructure development opportunities. However, these companies can not promote their business growth unless they remain competitive and innovative. In other words, an architectural company has to show its creativity in project design, project development, and information management (Black architects, 2005, p.114). Managing inflow and outflow of information is one of the most difficult challenges for an architectural company to face (Oracle, 2012). In order to effectively confront with market rivals and thereby ensure long term business sustainability, architectural companies must get proper access to information when required. Currently, these firms depend on online information storage systems that are capable of meeting information needs quickly and conveniently. It is clear that architects cannot often develop

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Research Paper

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Research Paper Example The manufacturing plant is located in Richmond; in the Virginia State. This is the biggest plant ever built in the tobacco industry. Marlboro is well known for its adverts by use of the Marlboro man (Erin & Jack, 2003). Impact of Globalization and Technological Changes on Marlboro Globalization in this scenario is the process of improving the interactivity of the social, political interdependence, cultural, financial economic and incorporation of markets that are triggered by development of technologies in the communication and transport sector at the same time liberalizing trade. Globalization together with unparalleled change in technology has led to a weakening of the borders from the States control (Michael, Duane & Robert, 2008). There is an increase in the volume of cigar and money at an alarming rate which kills the tobacco industry. Fake tobacco products are smuggled into the State by organized criminals. There are various networks of companies, people and groups who evade ta xes and royalties to bring in fake cigarettes which look similar to the genuine products. As a result they trade like any other company’s products hence killing the revenue collected by the company. The products sold by these smugglers cost much lower than the genuine products. With globalization and technological change the products can be designed in away, that one cannot differentiate them genuine products. The taxes can be avoided easily with fake documentation which can pass for the real documents. Application of the industrial organization model and resource based model by Marlboro firm to earn above average returns can be done in various ways. First, with the application of the industrial organization model, Marlboro firm can make use of alliances with other cigarettes manufactures to form an association like a cartel. Since the organized cooperate more with other close competitors in the tobacco industry, this will reduce the probability of the collaboration to lift t he revenues of the firm. Moreover, the firm can also make good use of its resource based model by differentiating their products and making it known to the customers about the genuine products and how to separate from the fake products. All it takes are the internal resources by the company to implement strategies that can easily reduce cases of smuggling. In addition, the government regulatory controls can be partnered with, by the company by having agents or inspectors who are able to draw a clear line between fake and genuine products. There are various procedures that can be taken by Marlboro firm in reducing the negative impact of globalization and technological improvement to increase returns on their products. First and foremost, analyzing the external environment is very crucial in identifying the potential threats and how to override them. Second, the firm must distribute its products by reliable distributors who are not likely to imitate or sell the products to competitors for imitation (Erin & Jack, 2003). Third, every firm has its own strength and opportunities, Marlboro can make good use of its lifetime existence in the market to identify tactics that are appropriate in attracting in good returns. This can be done by employing skilled labor from technological sector to help in branding their products in a manner that competitors cannot copy them. The Effect of Marlboro’s Vision and Mission Statement on Their Success The main aim a mission statement is to draw to attention

Indian Camp

Indian Camp Mikolaj Marciniak [essay om indian camp] (While writing this essay I didnt have my book with me, so I had to find the story online. Therefore I did not include any line-page references; I gave examples from the text instead) Growing up can vary from country to country, from city to city, and from family to family. In this case, we have a young boy named Nick, who is the main character in â€Å"Indian Camp†, and who is under the process of growing up and he is experiencing it the hard way. The other main theme of the story is life and death, as the sick Indian lady gives birth to a child, and her husband commits suicide because of her sufferings and maybe some other reasons. There are three main characters in the story: Nick, a young child, Nicks dad, a medical doctor, and Uncle George, Nicks uncle. Nowhere in the story is it stated that they are white (Caucasian) nor that they are related to each other. The reader might get a different impression due to the use of the word ‘Uncle. However let us assume that they are of Indian descent. In Indian societies, words like ‘uncle and ‘auntie have the same meaning as words in American societies ‘mister and ‘misses. Assuming that Nick and his Dad are Indians, this might explain why Nicks dad doesnt have anesthetic or proper cutting tools, such as scalpels or sutures. Oh, Daddy, cant you give her something to make her stop screaming? asked Nick. No. I havent any anesthetic, his father said. But her screams are not important. I dont hear them because they are not important. It is because Native Americans do not always agree with modern society technologies; they rely on their strong faith when it comes to medical curing and rejuvenation. Regardless of how one would interpret Nicks dads job, it is unarguable that although he is very good at his job, he has also limited equipment, meaning that he and his son might indeed be of Indian descent. As stated before, Nicks father appears to be an educated person that is helping his under-educated society. For a very long time ago a doctor was just as important as the leader of a tribe. In some cases even more so. Everybody followed his directions without question even though the methods were in most cases ridiculous. Nowadays this authority has been minimized and doctors ways often become questioned and they are simple ordinary people. In â€Å"Indian Camp† Nicks father is presented as an ordinary person, with nobody bowing down or kneeling to him. Nicks father appears to be a very simple person with ordinary hobbies such as fishing. This is shown in the text by Nick operating the lady with a jack-knife, which is normally used for gutting a fish. Thats one for the medical journal, George, he said. Doing a Caesarian with a jack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapered gut leaders. Another example in the text that emphasizes this is when Nicks father rows the boat back home, just like people after a long day of fishing. Nick rowing the boat is also another proof of them being Indian, although this is not presented directly in the text. It is because if Nick and his father were white, the guides would have surely rowed them back home. Where did they go, by the way? Uncle George is a slightly controversial character. Everybody seems to know him around the camp. It is known that when women give birth and the father is near them, they usually scream at the father. In â€Å"Indian Camp†, the mother bites George, reflecting the mentioned behavior in some way. In return, George calls her â€Å"squaw bitch† which could be a sign of intimacy. If all this evidence isnt enough to prove my point that George might be the father, he also gives out cigars, which is a well known â€Å"tradition†. Last but not least, the reason the husband commits suicide is not just the screaming but because his wife is giving birth to a baby that is not his. The Indian lay with his face toward the wall. His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blankets. The last sentence of the citation above can be confusing. Razor? This cutting tool is fairly newer than a jack-knife, what is it doing in hands of a person that is apparently poorer than the doctor? Could Uncle George have had relations with the mother for money? If so, he might have been able to afford a razor and then give it to the poor Indian, knowing that he would use it to kill himself. In conclusion, I would like to state that there are many ways for the reader to interpret the story. Hemingway consciously wrote the story in a manner that only a little percentage is being exposed to the reader, meaning that we have to assume a lot and conclude Hemingways thoughts to make the story complete. According to me, the two main themes are growing up and life and death. The story gives two different messages: horrors of growing up, and reasons for committing suicide. In both messages, Hemmingway warns us indirectly against the mistakes parents can make unknowingly while raising their children, and what cheating can lead to: if my theory was right, the husband committed suicide because the mother cheated, the suicide therefore results in another childs life being destroyed.

Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay -- Essays

Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. â€Å"Hence, segregation is not only politically, economically, and sociologically unsound, it is morally wrong and sinful.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the greatest speakers in all of history wrote these words in his letter from Birmingham Jail (King 48). His great use of rhetoric affected largely the freeing of an entire race. During his work in the Civil Rights Movement, he visited a small town called Birmingham in Alabama, and wrote one of his most rhetorically compelling letters there. In this letter, he used historical evidence, scriptural references, descriptive vocabulary, and great organization of points to respond to grievances raised against his movement: that he should wait, that he was breaking laws, that his peace brought on violence, and that his activities were extreme. Time will heal all wounds†¦right? This is what was thought by desegregationists. Martin Luther King, Jr. was told that he should just wait, and in time, African Americans would receive their rights. King wrote this in response: â€Å"Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co-workers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation.†(King 51) King knew that if he didn’t fight, this wound wouldn’t be healed. He used historical evidence in order to prove his point. He said, â€Å"Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, so must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of te... ...see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky;† He uses historical and biblical evidence to support his arguments. He organizes his arguments perfectly in order to persuade in the most effective way possible. King knew rhetoric. At the end of his letter, he finished up by showing his true reason for fighting his fight. He said, â€Å"If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having a patience that allows me to settle for anything less that brotherhood, I beg God to forgive me.† Works Cited King, Martin Luther Jr. Letter from Birmingham Jail. Massachusetts: Heinle &Heinle, 2003.

Allocating Tasks in an organisaton Essay

When allocating work and drawing up work plans there are many aspects to be considered. These include Goals and objectives, Competence, Operational needs, efficiency, cost effectiveness and consultation. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The desired outcome of the task needs to be clearly communicated. This is to ensure that staff can align the work they are doing with an outcome to keep them on track. Small task orientated goals will help the staff work toward the larger picture and will keep them motivated and interested. Just the same as the objective, goals will help keep the staff aligned to final outcome. Setting SMART goals will help achieve this. COMPETENCE The competence of the staff needs to be taken into consideration when allocating work. This is because giving work that is too above a staff members level of expertise is going to disengage them as they work toward something that is unattainable. Further, this staff member will not do the task correctly which may result in letting not only themselves down, but also their team and their manager. The same is true with giving staff work that is too below their skill level. They can become disengaged very quickly. While they may not do the task incorrectly, it is a waste of resources. Staff need to know that they are valued, that their work is valued and that they aren’t wasting their time. Allocating work to someone who is too skilled to do does not ensure that the staff being is valued. Staff should be allocated work that is a small stretch beyond where they are now and in line with their development plan. OPERATIONAL NEEDS Work needs to be allocated in accordance with operational needs. There’s no sense EFFICIENCY Work must be allocated in accordance with a staff member’s knowledge and their experience. Efficiency ties in very closely with competence, as allocating work inefficiently will result in the same consequences as allocating work that isn’t in accordance with a staff members competence. SMART goals Communicate goals – seek clarification, ask questions Understand KPIs Break goals down, with time frames Competence of staff members is important to ensure that the work is allocated to staff members who can do the work efficiently and effectively. It is necessary to develop KRAs and KPIs that meet the organisations needs because†¦. The development and implantation of effective performance management systems is important because CODE OF CONDUCT It is necessary to have a code of conduct for the organisation because it gives each employee the same foundation of expectations both of them as an employee and of the company as an employer. The code of conduct sets out very clearly what is acceptable behavior from an employee and it also sets out the consequences should the code be broken. Without a code of conduct employees will not necessarily be treated fairly and will be subjected to personal opinions of their people leader, meaning that was is acceptable in one team may not be acceptable in another which will lead to unfair dismissals and a disengaged workplace. MONITOR AND EVALUATE WORK It is important to regularly monitor and evaluate the works of employees to ensure that they are working towards the desired objectives. It is necessary to give feedback and reinforcement to employees to acknowledge good work, as this is a motivator. It ensures that employees’ efforts are recognised and they feel valued. This will then motivate them to continue doing what they are doing, or even improve.

A Historic vs. An Historic

A Historic vs. An Historic A Historic vs. An Historic A Historic vs. An Historic By Maeve Maddox My post A Useful Reminder About ‘An’ prompted an outpouring of emails asking, â€Å"How about an history or an historic?† Some points of English usage stir strong feelings. Placing the indefinite article â€Å"an† in front of the words historical or historic is one of these. Here are some comments prompted by a post I wrote on this topic several years ago: When people use â€Å"an historical† on NPR, it’s because [they’re] snooty. Only a Cockney or an hidiot [would say] â€Å"an historic.† [People who defend â€Å"an historic†] are pseudo-intellectual, American linguistic â€Å"posers.† For certain Americans, it’s all about self-consciously pompous affectation! I  would never ever use â€Å"an† in front of any word with an aspirate H at the beginning. That just isn’t what it’s for, and it sounds pretentious. The simple facts about the use of â€Å"an historical† and â€Å"an historic† are these: 1. Style guides like The Chicago Manual of Style, The AP Stylebook, and The Penguin Writer’s Manual regard the following as correct in modern usage: â€Å"a historical event† â€Å"a historic event.† 2. Many speakers still say and write â€Å"an historical†Ã¢â‚¬â€œand they do so with no intention of sounding affected, pompous, or pretentious. Pronunciation changes from generation to generation, but never in one fell swoop. Pockets of older forms continue to exist even after the majority of speakers have made the switch and authorities have recorded the new rules. The Google Ngram Viewer provides an interesting look at the progress of â€Å"an historic† vs â€Å"a historic.† In 1800, â€Å"a historic† barely shows. It begins its rise in the 1820s. In 1869, â€Å"a historic† is neck and neck with â€Å"an historic.† The two travel along fairly close together until the First World War when â€Å"an historic† pulls ahead and dominates until 1938. After that, â€Å"a historic† becomes the clear winner, although â€Å"an historic† and â€Å"an historical† remain in use. Here are two recent examples of the use of â€Å"an historical† in the context of educated English: Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period.  (Note on the New York University library site.) The Making of Southern Europe: An Historical Overview (title of a recent publication of the London School of Economics) Clearly, modern usage prefers â€Å"a historic† and â€Å"a historical,† as well as a before other â€Å"h words† that readers asked about: â€Å"a hotel,† â€Å"a horrible accident,† and â€Å"a horrific statistic.† The word herb (succulent plant used for seasoning) is pronounced both with and without an aspirated h. â€Å"A herb† is modern British pronunciation, although British author Edith Nesbit (1858-1924) wrote â€Å"an herb† in one of her novels. Many Americans–although by no means all–say â€Å"an erb† and write â€Å"an herb.† Unquestionably, accepted current practice is to use the indefinite article a in front of all but a very few words that begin with the letter h. The most common exceptions are: an heir to the throne an honorable man an honest man an hour or two Speakers who say â€Å"an historic† are not necessarily being â€Å"pretentious or snooty.† It could be that they learned the usage from family members and teachers educated in earlier generations. Follow the style guide of your choice. Save your linguistic wrath for things like, â€Å"Me and my brother graduated from Georgetown.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 1015 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Grauballe Man (Denmark) - European Iron Age Bog Body

Grauballe Man (Denmark) - European Iron Age Bog Body The Grauballe Man is the name of an extremely well-preserved Iron Age bog body, the 2200-year-old body of a man pulled from a peat bog in central Jutland, Denmark in 1952. The body was found at depths of more than one meter (3.5 feet) of peat. The Story of Grauballe Man Grauballe Man was determined to have been about 30 years old when he died. Physical inspection indicated that although his body was in near-perfect preservation, he had been brutally murdered or sacrificed. His throat had been cut from behind so deeply that it nearly beheaded him. His skull was bludgeoned and his leg was broken. Grauballe mans body was among the earliest of objects dated by the newly invented radiocarbon dating method. After his discovery was announced, his body displayed in public and several photographs of him published in newspapers, a woman came forward and claimed that she recognized him as a peat worker she had known as a child who had disappeared on his way home from a local pub. Hair samples from the man returned conventional c14 dates between 2240-2245 RCYBP. Recent AMS radiocarbon dates (2008) returned calibrated ranges between 400-200 cal BC. Preservation Methods Initially, Grauballe man was investigated by Danish archaeologist Peter V. Glob at the National Museum of Denmark at Copenhagen. Bog bodies had been found in Denmark beginning in the first half of the 19th century. The most striking characteristic of bog bodies is their preservation, which can be close to or surpass the best of ancient mummification practices. Scientists and museum directors tried all sorts of techniques to maintain that preservation, beginning with air or oven drying. Glob had the Grauballe mans body treated to a process similar to tanning animal hides. The body was kept for 18 months in a mixture of 1/3 fresh oak, 2/3 oak bark plus a .2% of Toxinol as a disinfectant. Over that period, the concentration of Toxinol was increased and monitored. After the 18 months, the body was immersed in a bath of 10% Turkish-red oil in distilled water to avoid shrinkage. New bog body discoveries in the 21st century are kept in wet peat in refrigerated storage at 4 degrees celsius. What Scholars Have Learned Grauballe Mans stomach was removed at some point during the process, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations in 2008 discovered plant grains in the vicinity of where his stomach had been. Those grains are now interpreted as remnants of what likely was his last meal. The grains indicate that Grauballe man ate a type of gruel made from a combination of cereals and weeds, including rye (Secale cereale), knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Post-Excavation Studies The Irish Nobel Prize-winning poet Seamus Heaney often wrote poems for and about bog bodies. The one he wrote in 1999 for Grauballe Man is quite evocative and one of my favorites. As if he had been poured / in tar, he lies / on a pillow of turf / and seems to weep. Be sure to read it yourself for free at the Poetry Foundation. The display of bog bodies has ethical issues discussed in many places in the scientific literature: Gail Hitchens article The Modern Afterlife of the Bog People published in the student archaeology journal The Posthole addresses some of these and discusses Heaney and other modern day artistic uses of bog bodies, specifically but not limited to Grauballe. Today Grauballe mans body is kept in a room at the Moesgaard Museum protected from light and temperature changes. A separate room lays out the details of his history and provides numerous CT-scanned images of his body parts; but Danish archaeologist Nina Nordstrà ¶m reports that the separate room keeping his body seems to her a calm and contemplative reburial. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to Bog Bodies and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Granite G. 2016. Understanding the death and burial of northern European bog bodies. In: Murray CA, editor. Diversity of Sacrifice: Form and Function of Sacrificial Practices in the Ancient World and Beyond. Albany: State University of New York Press. p 211-222.Hitchens G. 2009. The Modern Afterlife of the Bog People. The Post Hole 7:28-30.Karg S. 2012. Oil-rich seeds from prehistoric contexts in southern Scandinavia: Reflections on archaeobotanical records of flax, hemp, gold of pleasure, and corn spurrey. Acta Paleobotanica 52(1):17-24.Lynnerup N. 2010. Medical Imaging of Mummies and Bog Bodies – A Mini-Review. Gerontology 56(5):441-448.Mannering U, Possnert G, Heinemeier J, and Gleba M. 2010. Dating Danish textiles and skins from bog finds by means of 14C AMS. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(2):261-268.Nordstrà ¶m N. 2016. The Immortals: Prehistoric individuals as ideological and therapeutic tools in our time. In: Williams H, and Giles M, editors. Archaeologists and t he Dead: Mortuary Archaeology in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 204-232. Stà ¸dkilde-Jà ¸rgensen H, Jacobsen NO, Warncke E, and Heinemeier J. 2008. The intestines of a more than 2000 years old peat-bog man: microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and 14C-dating. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):530-534.Villa C, and Lynnerup N. 2012. Hounsfield Units ranges in CT-scans of bog bodies and mummies. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 69(2):127-145.